<p>The Pfau–Crichton Cottage, best known as Chinaberry, is a historic cottage in Mobile, Alabama.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The -story, wood-frame, Gulf Coast cottage was completed in 1862. She enlisted in the Navy at the outbreak of World War I and continued her service until retirement, in the 1950s. She traveled extensively in Europe during the 1930s, maintaining scrapbooks that recorded her visits to various art museums, gardens, and monuments. She was the last direct descendant of Hugh Randolph Crichton, the founder of the Mobile County town of Crichton.</p><br>
<p>After Crichton&#39;s death, the house sat vacant for decades. It was restored and an addition built in 2018 by a real estate company for use as offices.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The cottage is unique in its architectural features. The home itself is a two-story structure, each floor being measured at 700 ft&sup2;. The bottom floor of the home is the central living area consisting of the kitchen, library, bathroom, living room, dining room, and a single bedroom. The unique part of this part of the architecture is that all rooms are connected by multiple doorways, but no hallways. The upper floor is a one-room storage area.</p><br>
<p>On the property there are a total of three structures. Aside from the cottage itself there is an outlying kitchen and a chapel. There are brick walkways that lead to each structure and all garden areas.</p><br>
<p>The Ross Knox House is a historic Tudor Revival style residence in Mobile, Alabama, United States. The two-story brick and stucco house was completed in 1929.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The front elevation gives the appearance of a one-story Tudor cottage, with the rear revealing a full second story. The exterior architecture features steeply pitched gables, half-timbering with stucco infill, prominent chimneys, and casement windows.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was bought in 1933 by Ross Knox, the president of the Lucas E. Moore Stave Company of Georgia, a cooperage and supply company. He sold it in 1942. In 1959 it was bought by a local judge, Herndon Inge, Jr. It served as Inge&#39;s residence for over 40 years. Following</p><br>
<p>Inge&#39;s ownership, the house was purchased by the John A. Roberts Jr. family in 2002. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Smith Observatory and Dr. William R. Brooks House is a historic home and observatory located at Geneva in Ontario County, New York. Both structures were built in 1888. The observatory is a small frame building consisting of a two-story tower flanked by two small wings. The tower contains a 10-inch refracting telescope by Warner & Swasey of Cleveland, Ohio. The east wing contains an intact meridian transit telescope and sidereal pendulum clock. The house is a two-story brick dwelling with a broad range of intact, late Victorian eclectic features.</p><br>
<p>Brooks was a Professor of Astronomy at Hobart College, which owned the observatory until the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Geneva Armory is a historic National Guard armory building located at Geneva in Ontario County, New York. The armory consists of a long, shallow, rectangular, five-story, hip-roofed administration building with an attached -story, rectangular gable-roofed drill shed. The original section of the administration building was built in 1892 and designed by architect Isaac G. Perry. It was tripled in size in 1906 and the addition included a slightly off-center 10-sided, -story castle-like tower.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Washington County Courthouse is an historic governmental building located at 256 East Court in Weiser, Idaho. Designed in the Moderne or Art Deco styles of architecture by architects Tourtellotte and Hummel, it was built in 1939 by contractor J.F. Ulmer. On September 28, 1987, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>It was built to replace the previous courthouse which was destroyed by a February 1938 fire. The Works Progress Administration provided labor and the county provided materials. The WPA laborers were directed by Boise builder J. F. Ulmer. It was substantially completed in fall of 1939 and dedicated on December 1, but the application of a sprayed veneer of paint and fine sand to finish the building was not accomplished until the following spring.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Block, located at 23-25 S 4th st and 324 Kittson Ave in the Downtown Grand Forks Historic District of Grand Forks, North Dakota is a historic building built in 1888 as a home for the Odd Fellows meeting hall, which was situated on the third floor. The hall was fitted with a large and well-appointed lodge room, a banquet hall, and numerous smaller rooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Block is architecturally significant in that it is one of two remaining Richardsonian Romanesque buildings extant in Grand Forks along with the St John&#39;s Block. These buildings were, along with the now demolished Security Building, the most impressive in Grand Forks in the late 19th century. The south (principal) and west elevations of the building feature cream brick towers framing recessed red brick bays along with stone details and decorative brick panels. Visible above the roof is a large wire frame skylight, now covered over with tar paper, which once lit the meeting hall below. The second floor apartments date to the original construction.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Block played a significant role in the social and civic life of Grand Forks in the last decades of the 19th century serving as a meeting place for three Odd Fellows&#39; lodges and the Daughters of Rebekah, as well as for lodges of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Knights of the Maccabees, the Order of Foresters, the Grand Army of the Republic, and the Royal Arcanum.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows block serves as the southwestern anchor of the historic district in downtown Grand Forks.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Springs Sanitarium is a historic sanitarium building located at the village of Clifton Springs in Ontario County, New York. Construction of the sanitarium building began in 1892 as a five-story ell-shaped 244 ft brick structure in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The facade is eleven bays wide and terminated at each end by a conical tower with flat roof. A rectangular tower dominates the central bay. The building includes a chapel that has a favrile glass mosaic of the Last Supper designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. It was home to the Clifton Springs Water Cure promoted by Dr. Henry Foster, whose 1854 home, Foster Cottage, is located on the property. In 1974 it was converted to a senior citizens apartment building. The sanitarium building and Foster Cottage were later included as part of the Clifton Springs Sanitarium Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The spa building "is a fine example of the early work of the Elmira architectural firm of Pierce & Bickford which was active in the western part of New York State from 1890 to 1930."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Cordelia A. Greene</p><br>
<p>Morgan Hook and Ladder Company is a historic fire station located at Naples in Ontario County, New York. The original part of the two story, frame structure was built about 1830 as a Federal style dwelling and later expanded and converted to a fire station in 1891 or 1892. It features a prominent hose drying / bell tower. It ceased being used as a fire station in 1926.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Naples Memorial Town Hall is a historic town hall located at Naples in Ontario County, New York. It was built in 1870–72 and is a lavish and imposing, two story rectangular brick building in the Italianate style. It was designed by A. J. Warner & Company, the Rochester partnership of A. J. Warner and Charles Coots. The town hall served as the center of the village and town&#39;s social and recreational activities until World War II. Between 1942 and 1972, the building was in private hands and served a variety of commercial and light industrial uses. In 1972, it was reacquired by the town and serves as a community center and host site for the annual Naples Grape Festival. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Parrott Hall  is a historic home located at Geneva in Ontario County, New York. It was built in the early 1850s and consists of a 3-story main block and 2-story addition in the Italianate villa style. In 1882, the property was acquired by New York State for use as an agricultural experiment station, and was part of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station until 1968. It was deeded to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation in 1970 for use as a museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wealthy agriculturists Nehemiah (also known as William) and Louisa (also known as Louise) Denton moved from New York City to Geneva in 1852, at a time when the area was the center of agricultural prosperity in New York. They purchased the land then known as the Old Castle Farm in the early 1850s, commissioned the building of the</p><br>
<p>Italiante villa now known as Parrott Hall, and moved into the new mansion in 1856. Both Nehemiah and Louisa were deaf mutes.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, Nehemiah was considered to be of "unsound mind" and, in order to settle his debts, he sold the dwelling, outbuildings, and 125 acres. The property was purchased for $25,000 by the State of New York to become an agricultural experiment station. The villa, then known as Denton Place or Denton House, was converted into the headquarters of what would become the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, colloquially known as the Geneva Experiment Station.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the building housed the laboratory and offices of the</p><br>
<p>Stations first entomologist, Percival John Parrott, during which time it became known as Entomology Hall. Parrott was known for his efforts to combat San Jose scale, an introduced insect that was severely damaging fruit crops in the early 20th century. He was appointed the stations director in 1938 and served until 1942, the year he retired. The building was renamed Parrott Hall in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Parrott Hall was used by the State from 1882 until 1968, when it was replaced by Barton Hall. To bring recognition to its historic significance, members of the Geneva Historic Society led an effort to nominate it to the National Register of Historic Places. in 1970. It was listed the following year. In recognition of its historic significance, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) took title to the property with the intent to rehabilitate it for use as a museum. Repairs and maintenance were performed by OPRHP from the time the building was vacated by the Station in 1968 until 1983, after which time no substantial maintenance was undertaken. It has been vacant since 1968.</p><br>
<p>Local preservation advocates formed the non-profit Friends of Parrott Hall in 2017. In the summer of 2018, OPRHP solicited bids for demolition. Spurred by the buildings imminent demise, the Friends of Parrott Hall formed a coalition with The Landmark Society of Western New York, the Preservation League of New York State, and the City of Geneva to save the building from imminent demolition. Due in part to the coalitions efforts, OPRHP determined that demolition would be "delayed indefinitely", with the caveat that the coalition raise funds to stabilize the building and provide a plan for its reuse.</p><br>
<p>As of the winter of 2018, the coalition was working with OPRHP to raise funds for stabilization and to formulate a plan for its reuse.</p><br>
<p>The Geneva Experiment Station has made important contributions to the history of botany in New York State, including pioneering advances in carpology, agriculture, horticulture, plant pathology, and dairy production. Studies conducted at the Station aided the development of nurseries in nearby Ontario and Monroe counties and in vineyards across New York State.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The structure is an Italianate villa consisting of a three-story hipped roof main block and two story gable roof wing addition to the rear. Its design is based on a plan from the Model Architect, a pattern book written by architect Samuel Sloan in 1853. The Dentons followed Sloans design closely, making only minor modifications to the front entrance and the belvedere, which has since been removed. In addition to removing the belvedere, the Station made many other interior modifications to suit changing needs.</p><br>
<p>The Hall has an L-shaped layout, with the rear wing extending south from the central block. The main block has a center hall plan. Though there were originally four chimneys, the current building has only three—two on the east facade of the central block, one on the west wall. Window cornices and sills are of cast iron.</p><br>
<p>The structure has an ornate veranda, consisting of cast iron columns, railing, and parapet extending around the perimeter, except for one section at the southeast corner. The nomination to the National Register of Historic Places notes that Parrott Hall is "an outstanding example of the Italianate villa style popular in the mid-nineteenth century. The ornate cast-iron veranda is especially notable."</p><br>
<p>At the time of the NRHP nomination in 1970, the building was covered with the historic standing seam metal roof. In the mid-1970s, the State removed the standing seam metal roof from the main block and replaced it with rolled roofing, rebuilt the three remaining chimneys, and sandblasted and painted the wrought-iron railing, frieze of the verandah, and columns. The building exterior was repainted in 1983.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1980s, Parrott Hall was the focus of a master&#39;s thesis by a Cornell graduate student which concluded that the structural condition was "impressive, given the age of the building and its many years of heavy use" and that the structure had not suffered "too badly" in the years since 1971, when it was disconnected from steam and electricity. However, the report noted that there were telltale signs of moisture-related problems including periodic basement ponding and damage to the verandah due to the lack of gutters.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1990s, a thesis report by a graduate student in the Historic Preservation Program at the University of Vermont determined that the interior had recently suffered damage due to water infiltration. The report was published to "assist the Station with its efforts to stabilize Parrott Hall until such time as money is available for restoration." It was determined that the water damage was due to the roof&#39;s deteriorated state, and that roofing, gutters, and downspouts needed to be installed or replaced.</p><br>
<p>Phelps Town Hall is a historic town hall located at Phelps in Ontario County, New York. It was built in 1849 and remodeled in 1912–1913. It is architecturally significant as a Greek Revival style town hall with distinguished Neoclassical style modifications. It features an elegant clock tower with paired, fluted Corinthian columns.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Chickasaw County Courthouse is a historic governmental building located at 8 East Prospect Street in New Hampton, Iowa, United States. On July 2, 1981, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The courthouse is the fourth structure to house court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bradford was established as the first county seat for Chickasaw County in 1854, and a log structure was built for a courthouse. One of the first functions in the new building was to move the county seat to the more centrally located town of New Hampton, which was finalized in 1857. The following year people in the southern part of the county objected and suggested a place such as Forest City, different from the Forest City in Winnebago County, was a better location. An election was held and once again the decision was made to move the county seat. However, it was discovered that the poll book had been tampered with and the decision was fought in the courts with New Hampton being the eventual winner. The first courthouse there, a frame structure, was not completed until 1865. A four-room brick addition was built in 1876. The courthouse was destroyed in a fire on March 26, 1880, but the records were saved. The people in New Hampton contributed $5,000 for a new courthouse so as to keep the county seat in the city. The brick and stone structure was completed in 1881 for $10,500. It featured a clock tower that rose above the main facade. Two wings were added to the building in 1905 and 1906 for about $4,200 each.</p><br>
<p>The present courthouse was built from 1929 to 1930. It was designed by the Waterloo, Iowa architectural firm of Ralston & Ralston. Its style is Stripped Classicism that is strongly influenced by the Moderne and the Art Deco styles. It was constructed of Bedford stone for about $134,000. Its significance is derived from its association with county government, and the political power and prestige of New Hampton as the county seat.</p><br>
<p>The Soo Hotel was later known as the Princess Hotel, The Patterson Hotel Annex, The Hotel Dakotan, Heritage Recovery Center, and Heritage Apartments. It is a historic building located on Fifth Street North in Bismarck, North Dakota, United States, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It was built by prominent businessman and political powerhouse Edward Patterson in 1906 as a second-class hotel to his other property, the high-class Northwestern Hotel. The four-floor, 76-room hotel was named after the Soo Line Railroad which had arrived in town in 1902 and whose depot was located several blocks away. It was briefly the tallest building in Bismarck.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edward Patterson chose Fargo architect Milton Earle Beebe to design the hotel. Beebe had previously designed the Patterson Block for him, also listed on the National Register and located around the corner from the Soo on Main Street. The basement and first two floors were constructed of reinforced concrete with the upper walls being tied to concrete facing blocks pressed at the erection site. The third and fourth floors were constructed entirely of six-inch cement blocks with wood framing due to the fourth floor possibly being a last-minute addition. The facade is faced with glazed "Spot-Iron" Hebron pressed brick manufactured by the Hebron Brick Company in Hebron, North Dakota. The building originally sported a tall brick pediment stating the name of the hotel and the date of construction but this was removed sometime after the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>When completed in early 1907 the building was advertised as "absolutely fireproof" recalling the fire that had destroyed most of downtown Bismarck in 1898. Following the erection of the adjacent McKenzie Hotel in 1911, built by Patterson and owned by Alexander McKenzie, a close friend of Pattersons, the two hotels were connected to allow patrons of the Soo access to the McKenzies dining facilities.</p><br>
<p>After McKenzies passing in 1922, Patterson acquired his hotel and would rename it the Patterson Hotel in March 1927. At the same time Patterson renamed the Soo hotel the Princess. This supposedly was a jab at his arch-rival in the Bismarck business and political world, Edmond A. Hughes, who shortly before had been involved in renaming the Van Horn Hotel, two blocks west, the Prince Hotel. In the mid-1930s, Patterson renamed the Princess the Patterson Hotel Annex. Although it remained a separate hotel, guests had to check in at the Patterson Hotel desk. Around 1950 the hotel came under new ownership and was renamed The Dakotan. At this time the building was separated from the Patterson and as part of a major interior remodel had its own lobby re-constructed as well as having its own elevator installed in the buildings light shaft.</p><br>
<p>With the construction of Interstate 94 in 1964 business began to decline in downtown Bismarck and by the end of the 1970s, the Dakotan closed for business. The upper floors remained vacant until it was renovated in the 1980s by Northwest Development Group headed by Jim Christianson, who has restored many historic buildings in the Bismarck/Mandan area. The ground floor, which originally held the hotel lobby as well as a succession of grocery businesses and a department store, currently houses small stores.</p><br>
<p>The William Rainey Harper Log House, also known as the Harper Cabin, is located at 20 West Main Street in New Concord, Ohio, United States. The home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1980-01-03.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The log house was built in 1834 by Archibold Boal for Joseph McKinney. The structure has remained much intact over the years and closely resembles the original plan. The house passed to Henry McCleary in 1843 and William Rainey Harper was born in the cabin in 1856. William remained in the house while he attended Muskingum College until he graduated at the age of 13 in 1869. Although William left for Yale in 1872, the house remained in the Harper family until it was sold in 1904.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by Muskingum College in 1918 and would remain so until 1987, and saw a photography studio as well as a classroom during that time. The cabin was renovated and restored in 1937 and was presented in 1987 to the city of New Concord. The house is used as a museum and operated by volunteers from the village.</p><br>
<p>Tours of the house can be arranged through the John and Annie Glenn Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The two-story house is constructed of local hewn logs and designed in the Federal style. The central door is surrounded by a window to each side with three windows in line on the second floor. The gabled roof rests on a simple entablature with a chimney situated at either side of the house. The house is located next to a more recent building to the right and an herb garden is fenced off to the left.</p><br>
<p>The Avalon Theater is a Historic Art Deco style Movie theater located in the commercial district of Larimore, North Dakota, United States. Built in 1938 as a 350-seat theater, the Avalon&#39;s most significant feature is its Art Deco detailing, especially the marquee, box office, and entry doors and continuing with simple Art Deco geometry motifs in the interior, all of which has survived. The building is constructed of brick with a parabolic poured concrete floor in the seating area to ensure a good view for all. The building still functions as a movie theater, with its original projectors, and also is home to local live theater groups.</p><br>
<p>The Avalon Theater is historically significant as a rare example of Art Deco theaters built during the Great Depression. It is part of a vanishing genre of small town movie houses, and is the only remaining Art Deco building in Larimore.</p><br>
<p>The Avalon Theater played Broadway Serenade on its opening night, April 28, 1939.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Avalon Theatre was originally occupied by the Arnold Block, a two-story 75 by 100 ft. brick building with cut stone trimmings. Horace F. Arnold commissioned architect Joseph Bell DeRemer to design the building and it was completed in 1905. The Arnold block was destroyed by fire in 1938. The Avalon Theatre and an adjoining store were built in the shell of the buildings remains which was given several architectural updates but retained some of the 1905 buildings elements.</p><br>
<p>Geneva Hall and Trinity Hall are historic dormitory buildings located at Hobart & William Smith College in Geneva, Ontario County, New York. Geneva Hall  and Trinity Hall  are the two oldest main structures on the campus of Hobart and William Smith Colleges, however, many of the houses date from earlier and Durfee House is the oldest, dating from the 1780s. Both are three story, nine bay structures built of fieldstone with belt courses between the stories.</p><br>
<p>They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at Phelps in Ontario County, New York. It was built in 1849, the chancel was extended in 1897, and the tower added in 1905. The meeting room and office addition was completed in 1954. It is architecturally significant as a Gothic Revival-style church that reflects the "English parish" movement traceable to the Church of St. James the Less in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The congregation of St. Johns merged with St. Johns Episcopal Church, Clifton Springs in 1967. Currently, the historic building houses the.</p><br>
<p>The Roberts House is a historic Tudor Revival style residence and two dependencies in Mobile, Alabama, United States. Built in the 1920s upper-class suburb of County Club Estates, the complex was designed by J. F. Pate. The rambling two-story red brick mansion was completed in 1929. The exterior architecture features steeply pitched gables, prominent chimneys, casement windows, and an elaborate Tudor arch door surround.</p><br>
<p>Purchased by the John A. Roberts Jr. family in 1988, it was subsequently placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 29, 1994. It was sold to Dr. Charles F. and Janice M. Jones in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Nicollet County Courthouse and Jail are historic governmental buildings located at 501 South Minnesota Avenue in St. Peter, Minnesota, United States.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was designed in a Romanesque Revival style of architecture by noted St. Paul architects Edward P. Bassford and E. W. Stebbins. Construction started and was completed in 1881 at a cost of $26,638. Bohn and Wilce of Winona were the builders. Minor extensions and additions were made in 1917 and 1967. In 1978 a $913,512 3-story addition designed by Wick-Kagermeier-Skaar of Mankato was built on the rear side of the building. A March 28, 1998 tornado damaged the building and after repairs it was reopened in June 2000. The next year a 3-year multimillion-dollar extension and renovation began. The building is now called the Nicollet County Government Center.</p><br>
<p>The jail was designed in a Queen Anne style of architecture by Winona architect Andrew J. Van Deusen. Construction was started in 1906 and completed in 1907 at an estimated cost of about $22,000.</p><br>
<p>On September 6, 2002, they were added to the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>The Holy Transfiguration of Our Lord Chapel  is a historic Russian Orthodox church located near Ninilchik, Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, that was built in 1901. It is an approximately 20 x roughly cruxiform-shaped building, mainly designed by Alexi Andreev Oskolkoff who came from Sitka to supervise the buildings construction. The 1901 church replaced an older church built near Ninilchik villages 1846 founding. As of 1977, the church competed only with a largely altered schoolhouse as an artifact of past Russian associations to the community.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Now it is under Diocese of Alaska of the Orthodox Church in America.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet and Thomas Beare House is a Victorian house located on Reeves Drive in the Near Southside Historic District of Grand Forks, North Dakota. The Harriet and Thomas Beare House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It is also known as the Margaret E. Bowler Murphy and Michael F. Murphy House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1901 for real estate investor Thomas Beare. In 1903, he sold the home to state senator and Grand Forks Mayor Michael F. Murphy (1858-1930) and his wife Margaret Bowler Murphy (1857–1917). They enlarged and remodeled the residence, building an addition for their family.</p><br>
<p>The house was located on the most prestigious residential street in Grand Forks, and exemplifies the conspicuous consumption of the cities&#39; elite during the Progressive Era and the growth of the Second Dakota Boom (1889-1915).</p><br>
<p>The house is a significant example of the Queen Anne style with elements taken from the Classical Revival style. Queen Anne details include decorative chimneys, complexity of roof shapes such as conical turrets and hipped roof dormers, finials, and fish-scale shingled gable ends. The house is a relatively simple expression of the style and shows signs of transition into the Classical Revival style in its symmetrical facade, Ionic columns, Doric details, and regular footprint. A notable feature is the Porte-cochere which is fairly rare in Grand Forks.</p><br>
<p>The 369th Regiment Armory is a historic National Guard Armory building located at 2366 Fifth Avenue, between West 142nd and 143rd Streets, in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. It was built for the 369th Regiment, also known as the "Harlem Hellfighters", founded in 1913 as the first National Guard unit in New York State composed solely of African-Americans. It later became home to the 369th Sustainment Brigade.</p><br>
<p>The 369th Regiment Armory includes two structures. The administration building, built in the Art Deco style between 1930 and 1933, was designed by John S. Van Wart and Sidney Wein. The attached medieval-inspired drill shed, built between 1921 and 1924, was designed by Tachau and Vought and measures 50,000 ft&sup2;. Both sections are constructed of brick. The armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Context</h3><br>
<p>After the American Civil War ended, the New York state government passed a law, which mandated that armories be erected for volunteer regiments by each of the individual counties. The board erected many of Manhattan&#39;s armories: As such, most volunteer regiments drilled in any available space, such as public markets or rented building lofts.</p><br>
<p>By the late 19th and early 20th century, the former Dutch colonial settlement of Harlem was being developed into a primarily African-American neighborhood, having become accessible via the newly built New York City Subway. In the 1910s, a hundred members of a community center in Harlem stated their intention to join the military. The regiment reached its full strength of 2,000 men by 1917, and trained in New York and South Carolina because they did not yet have their own armory.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The 369th Regiment (also known by their nickname, the "Harlem Hell Fighters") was initially housed at Astor Row on West 130th Street. However, as a result of the units reorganization, the Armory Board was now obligated to create an armory for the 369th Regiment. The citys acting mayor promised an armory structure to the 369th Regiment in 1919. Funding for the 369th Regiment Armory was approved by the city in July 1921. The initial plans called for building only the drill shed; an administration building was required for the armory to be fully functional.</p><br>
<p>The city located a site on Fifth Avenue between 142nd and 143rd Streets and demolished the tenements there.</p><br>
<p>The rest of the block was purchased by the city in 1929, in preparation for the administration building&#39;s construction. In 1930, the Armory Board submitted plans for the $1 million administration building to the New York City Board of Estimate. The new building would include a shooting range, auditorium, mess hall, and rooftop tennis courts. Twelve firms submitted designs for the drill shed, and the commission was ultimately given to the lowest bidder, John S. Van Wart and Sidney Wein. Work started in 1931 after the C & W Construction Company were named as the contractors. The administration building was completed in 1933. However, the New York Daily News reported in January 1934 that the 369th Regiment had refused to accept title to the administration building, citing various work defects such as a leaky roof. As a result, the Armory Board opened an investigation into the construction of the 369th Administration Building.</p><br>
<h3>Use</h3><br>
<p>In 1934, during the Great Depression, the 369th Regiment Armory and Brooklyn&#39;s 14th Regiment Armory were used as temporary homeless shelters. Two years later, the armory exhibited artwork from 40,000 people that had been hired through the Works Progress Administration. The 369th Regiment Armory also hosted sporting events, such as track and field competitionsSee, for instance:</p><br>
<p>and tennis matches.See, for instance:</p><br>
<p>Other events hosted at the armory included a speech by Black Muslim leader Elijah Muhammad in 1964, and a soccer demonstration from Brazilian soccer player Pelé in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The 369th Armory was again used as a temporary shelter during early 1981 due to extreme cold weather. By the 1980s, existing homeless shelters in New York City had become overcrowded, so the city started opening new shelters in armories. In 1982, the state turned over the 369th Regiment Armory to the city so that the latter could open a 200-bed mens homeless shelter. However, the 369th Sustainment Brigade still operated out of the armory. In the 1990s, the 369th Regiment Armory received part of a $390,000 funding allocation that had been made available as part of the citys Tax Syndication Sharing Program. The funds were intended for the armory&#39;s restoration. The structure was protected as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1985, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>As part of the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, the 369th Regiment Armory was planned to be used for boxing and rhythmic gymnastics if the city were to win the Olympic bid. The armory, which still remained decrepit, would have been restored. These plans were canceled when the bid was rejected in 2005. The Police Athletic League of New York City used part of the 369th Regiment Armorys drill shed as a community center starting in 2006. The Harlem Childrens Zone also operated programs in the armory, taking about half of the space. In September 2012, a community program painted a mural on the armorys walls that was devoted to the 369th Regiments history. Soon afterward, in October 2012, the armory partially flooded during Hurricane Sandy.</p><br>
<p>The 369th Regiment Armory temporarily closed for renovations in 2014. At the time, it was expected to be renovated into a museum showing 369th Regiment memorabilia. The 369th Brigade moved back to the space in November 2018. However, the armory remained closed to civilians due to a lead cleanup project, which prevented civilians from reentering the facility until the cleanup was complete. Despite fears that children at the armory may have been susceptible to lead poisoning for over a decade, state officials said that the cleanup was limited to the basement, which was off-limits to kids.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 369th Regiment Armory is located between West 142nd and 143rd Streets at 2360 Fifth Avenue, along the western sidewalk of the avenue. The armory occupies nearly its entire lot, which measures 199 ft from north to south and 510 ft from west to east. The surrounding areas are composed of industrial buildings, while the Harlem River Drive runs on the opposite side of Fifth Avenue across from the armory.</p><br>
<p>The AIA Guide to New York City described the armory as "a superb example of the bricklayer&#39;s art" and that the brickwork "exhibit an Art Deco/Moderne style rather than an attempt to reconstruct a medieval fortress".</p><br>
<h3>Administration building</h3><br>
<p>The -story, rectangular administration building features a terracotta parapet embellished with chevron designs and stylized eagles. The basement is raised by half a story and contains a water table made of red sandstone. Throughout the building, the first-story windows contain iron grilles with decorations depicting maces and stars.</p><br>
<p>The main facade, to the east, contains numerous recessed and projecting sections, alternating with each other. Above the entrance pavilion is a sandstone surround, which contains the carved letters "369th Infantry N.Y.C." and is flanked by eagle-wing motifs that contain lanterns. The raised basement also contains entrances surrounded with sandstone trim. Adjacent to the eastern facade is a circular driveway with an adjacent small parking lot. A small lawn is located between the driveway and Fifth Avenue. A statue to the 369th Regiment stands across Fifth Avenue from the administration building. The northern and southern facades are located next to the sidewalks of 143rd and 142nd Streets, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the corridors contain terrazzo tile floors as well as cornices with chevron motifs. A company meeting room is located at the administration building&#39;s southeast corner and includes parquet floors, a fireplace with a carved mantel, walls with walnut-wood paneling, and plaster walls and ceilings.</p><br>
<p>As originally proposed, the administration building was supposed to be five stories high and measuring 200 by, surrounding a courtyard with dimensions of 75 by. The ground floor was to contain various living quarters, an officers mess, a 600-person entertainment room, and a reception room. Above that, each of the regiments companies would have their own floor, and a top-floor suite for the regiment&#39;s colonel.</p><br>
<h3>Drill shed</h3><br>
<p>The drill shed is stories, with a clerestory level on the top story, and measures 300 ft from west to east. Like the administration building, it contains a terracotta parapet, with a gable roof behind it. The northern and southern facades are articulated with vertical brick buttresses, which divide each facade into 15 vertical bays. On each facade, there is a central pavilion that measures three bays wide, as well as side pavilions that each measure six bays wide. The side entrances are framed with medieval-styled sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The interior features three tiers of balconies on all four sides with a seating capacity of 6,000–7,000. When it opened, the New York Age described it as having dimensions of 200 by, with a gallery capacity of 5,000.</p><br>
<p>Phelps Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church located at Phelps in Ontario County, New York, USA. The church was constructed in 1845 and is an example of Greek Revival style, cobblestone ecclesiastical architecture. It is a rectangular, gable roofed building built primarily of lake washed cobbles. It is among the approximately 101 cobblestone buildings in Ontario County and 26 in the village and town of Phelps.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>St. Bridget&#39;s Roman Catholic Church Complex is a historic Roman Catholic church complex located in Bloomfield, Ontario County, New York. The complex consists of three contributing buildings  and one contributing site, the church cemetery. the church is a late Victorian eclectic brick edifice with restrained Italianate and Romanesque Revival–style design and decorative features. It features a square, wood bell tower. The rectory is a -story Colonial Revival–style frame building and features a verandah with Doric order columns. A -story carriage barn stands behind the rectory. The six-acre cemetery includes burials dating from 1866 to 1942.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The East Side Historic District is a primarily residential neighborhood located east of downtown Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. It is an irregularly shaped area 114 acre in size, extending almost to Saratoga Race Course from the neighborhood of Congress Park.</p><br>
<p>During the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was where the citys well-to-do residents built their homes, when the city was one of the countrys top resorts, frequented by many of the wealthiest families of the era. Later on it was home to the earliest incarnations of Skidmore College. In 1982 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>East Side is one of five historic districts, all contiguous, in the city. It is bordered by Union Avenue on the south, Congress Park to the west and Broadway on the northwest.</p><br>
<h3>Boundary</h3><br>
<p>The district&#39;s irregular boundary follows primarily lot lines and streets. It begins in the north at the intersection of Circular and North streets, including the properties on both sides of Circular at that point. From there it goes east along North to East Harrison Street, where it turns south. Houses on York Avenue all the way east to Nelson Avenue are included, followed by the rear lot line of houses on the west side of East Harrison south of that intersection (excluding the entire block at Middle Avenue). It then returns to East Harrison along Swanner Lane and follows the back lines along some of the houses along Lake Avenue (NY 29)</p><br>
<p>Opposite Marion Place, it goes out to Lake and follows it east to the middle of the block between Marion and Nelson Avenue. There, it turns south between two properties to eventually follow Diamond Place. It takes in the house at the corner of Diamond Place and Diamond Street, then follows the latter west to the line between two lots and goes south to Mitchell Place. It follows Mitchell out to Nelson and then turns south briefly to continue east along the rear lot lines of the north side of Caroline Street to include three lots east of Ludlow Street.</p><br>
<p>From there it continues south to the middle of the block, including all properties on Labelle Lane. It follows rear lot lines again along Fifth Avenue to East Avenue, which it follows south to the rear lot line of the properties on the south side of Fifth, excluding the stables and other track support buildings. This point is the district&#39;s eastern extreme.</p><br>
<p>The boundary continues to divide houses and racetrack buildings down to George Street, where it turns west. Other than including the house at 60 George, on the southwest corner of the Nelson Avenue intersection, it remains in George Street all the way to Court Street. There it dips southward again and follows Thompson Place to Regent Street.</p><br>
<p>It goes to its southernmost point which includes all properties along the west side of Regent down to Union Avenue (NY 9P)/ It hen follows its rear lines north to Spring Street, where it turns west again. It turns north around a property at the northeast corner of Spring and Henry Street, then goes west to follow Henry up to Caroline. There it goes east to the middle of the block and then follows lot lines to Lake.</p><br>
<p>After following the rear lines of two properties next to the armory on Henry at the northeast corner of Lake, it includes one more house on Henry and then follows a driveway to Bank Alley, where it turns west to Henry again. It follows Henry, then the rear line along the east of the street until it reaches that of the house opposite North Street, where it turns east.</p><br>
<h3>Character</h3><br>
<p>The districts terrain is mostly level, most of it east of the rise from the small fault where the citys springs are located. It is extensively developed, with streets and narrower connecting alleys laid out in a grid plan.</p><br>
<p>There are 379 buildings within the district, many of them houses in an array of 19th and early 20th century styles, from Gothic Revival to Bungalow. They are predominantly faced in clapboard or brick. Only 15 of them are of modern construction, including one supermarket building, and thus not considered contributing properties to the district&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<p>A few institutional buildings remain from Skidmore College&#39;s use of the area prior to 1976, especially its former art school near the west boundary. The state armory on Lake Avenue, one of many designed by Isaac Perry, is also included, as well as a church, fire station and local elementary school.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As Saratoga Springs began to develop into one of the country&#39;s most fashionable resorts in the late 19th century, it developed its upper and upper-middle class. These people, primarily the owners of stores and spas and those who owned the firms that designed and built them, wanted to live in houses that reflected their success. They gravitated to the neighborhoods east of upper Broadway and north of Union Avenue, where the wealthy summer residents had their homes. Their own homes were scaled-down versions of those homes, often by the same architects, including R. Newton Brezee, who himself lived on the East Side.</p><br>
<p>In 1902 Lucy Skidmore Scribner founded the Young Womens Industrial Club. It became Skidmore School of the Arts a decade later, in 1911, and finally Skidmore College in 1922. The Regent Street Theatre was the first building constructed specifically for the college. By 1931 the campus dominated the western portion of the district, with 82 buildings either built or renovated for it over 34 acre. In 1976 it moved to a new campus in the citys north, and left most of its original buildings.</p><br>
<p>Currently its historic character is preserved by the citys Design Review Commission, a seven-member body appointed by the mayor to staggered three-year terms. It reviews any proposed signage and exterior changes to any building in any of the citys historic districts.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>None of the properties in the district are currently listed on the National Register in their own right. Some are notable within it.</p><br>
<p>R. Newton Brezee House, 119 Caroline Street. This Clapboard Queen Anne designed as his own residence by the architect of many homes in the city, including several others in the district, and built in 1892.</p><br>
<p>New York State Armory, 60 Lake Avenue. A Romanesque Revival brick structure designed by state architect Isaac Perry in 1890.</p><br>
<p>Regent Street Theatre, 153 Regent Street. Shingled Colonial Revival structure was first building built for Skidmore, in 1903.</p><br>
<p>South Broad Street Row is a national historic district located at Mooresville, Iredell County, North Carolina. It encompasses six contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Mooresville, with notable examples of Late Victorian style architecture. They are the former First Presbyterian Church Manse , Dr. James Young House , Tom Hall House , John Pinkney Mills House, J. Frank Brawley House , and the Johnston Family House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Broad Street Historic District in Augusta, Georgia is a 70 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1980. It includes 158 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Historic District portion of Broad Street stretches from 13th to 5th Streets. Starting at 13th Street (U.S. Route 25 Business), Broad Street picks up the US 25 Business designation. This section has double-sided median parking. At 11th Street, the open parking in the median ends and a shaded, submerged parking pit in the median begins. This is Broad Street at its widest point. At the intersection with 6th Street, the chamber of commerce building can be found in the median.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>* Imperial Theatre</p><br>
<p>* Lamar Building, at 753 Broad Street, a building which is separately NRHP-listed.</p><br>
<p>* Miller Theater — reopened in January 2018</p><br>
<p>* News Building — home of The Augusta Chronicle</p><br>
<h3>Haunted Pillar</h3><br>
<p>The Haunted Pillar was a landmark left standing near the remains of a farmer&#39;s market that once stood at 5th and Broad Streets in downtown Augusta, Georgia. The market stood from 1830 until February 7, 1878, when it was destroyed by a tornado. A year later, the column was moved to the opposite corner of what is now 5th Street and used to display advertisements by Theodore Eye&#39;s Broad Street Grocery. In 1930, the town of Augusta hired a press agency to help stimulate its economy. The New York City-based firm AuLockhart International, Inc. was hired and given a budget of $37,500 to $50,000 to create and publish an advertising campaign aimed at attracting tourists. The firm published a ghost story about the pillar in newspapers across the country. The story refers to the pillar as “The Haunted Pillar.”</p><br>
<p>According to local folk-lore, a preacher who was denied the right to preach there, "... threatened that a great wind would destroy the place except for one pillar and that whoever tried to remove this remaining pillar would be struck dead," according to a person interviewed by The Augusta Chronicle.</p><br>
<p>The market was located directly in the middle of Broad Street, and once it was removed Augustans were reluctant to build there again. "Now that the Market House is in ruins, we think it may be opportune to suggest that it never be rebuilt upon the same spot. It was, at best, an unsightly edifice and marred the grand boulevard upon which it was mistakenly located," said an article in The Augusta Chronicle a week after the market was destroyed.</p><br>
<p>On December 17, 2016, the pillar was destroyed in a car collision.</p><br>
<p>The North Broad Street Residential Historic District is an 18 acre historic district in Winder, Georgia. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and includes 39 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The district addresses historic buildings from the 1890s to 1930s; there are also modern intrusions.</p><br>
<p>The district includes the Smith-Baxter House, built in 1902, which has a large porch, decorative scrollwork, and stained glass. The First Baptist Church in the district is a "good example of the use of the Gothic style for a church." The majority of houses are Bungalow style. The district is also significant for its residential landscape architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Calumet and Hecla Industrial District is a historic district located in Calumet, Michigan and roughly bounded by Hecla & Torch Lake Railroad tracks, Calumet Avenue, Mine and Depot Streets. The district contains structures associated with the copper mines worked by the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, located along a line above the copper lode, where railroad tracks connected separate mine heads. The Historic District is completely contained in the Calumet Historic District  and the Keweenaw National Historical Park. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1973 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The copper lode underneath the Calumet and Hecla Industrial District was discovered in 1858 by Edwin J. Hulbert, who immediately garnered investors, bought the property, and established the Hulbert Mining Company.</p><br>
<p>Agassiz was the president of the newly incorporated company, a position he held until his death in 1910. The company prospered under his leadership; in particular it underwent substantial growth between 1880 and 1910, when most of these buildings currently standing in the district were built. However, after a 1913 mining strike, the company gradually declined, and was weakened further by the onset of the Great Depression. Finally, in 1968, the company was purchased by Universal Oil Products, who closed the Keweenaw mines for good.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>There are ten buildings in the district: the Machine Shop, the "Blacksmith Shop," (misidentified as such; actually the Pipe Shop), the Roundhouse, Warehouse #2, the Superior Boilerhouse, the Gearhouse, the General Office Building, the Library, the Bathhouse, and the Miscowaubik Club. These structures, constructed primarily during the 1880s, represent the second generation of mine buildings constructed at the site; the earliest structures were destroyed by fire or razed. These buildings are part of a larger industrial complex of mine-related buildings, originally built by the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, that still stand in the area along Calumet Avenue and Mine Street.</p><br>
<h3>Machine Shop (c. 1882)</h3><br>
<p>The machine shop is a two-story structure, 416 ft long and 54 ft wide, made of coursed mine rock A clerestory window admits light to the interior, which is floored in concrete. The original machine shop was designed around 1882 by Erasmus D. Leavitt Jr., a consulting engineer with Calumet & Hecla; it was used to repair large equipment, including mining skips and trams. A major reconstruction was performed in 1907, and additions were made in 1911; it is likely that the building in its current form dates entirely from these two years.</p><br>
<h3>Blacksmith Shop (Pipe Shop) (1883)</h3><br>
<p>The blacksmith shop, built in 1883, is a hipped-roof structure built of rock, measuring 96 ft by 54 feet It was later used as a smith shop; an addition was constructed in 1904.</p><br>
<h3>Roundhouse (1888)</h3><br>
<p>The roundhouse is built of coursed mine rock masonry in the shape of a semicircle with a turntable in the center. and had twelve train stalls ranging from 75 ft deep on the south end and 90 ft deep on the north. The structure is built of random mine rock with brick arches over the windows with a shed roof. Train bay doors are spanned with cast iron lintels.</p><br>
<p>A later addition from 1902 increased the circumferential span of the building by 55 degrees, adding five train bays. In 1907, three additions were made: a small shed and drying house, and a 75 ft by 60 ft machine shop. The machine shop was roofed by a low gable, and the eaves and construction matched that of the original structure. Finally, in 1928 an 80 ft by 37 ft storage area.</p><br>
<h3>Warehouse #2</h3><br>
<p>Warehouse number 2 was constructed with rail tracks running through it so that large items could be loaded inside.</p><br>
<h3>Superior Boilerhouse (1880)</h3><br>
<p>The original Superior Boilerhouse, built in 1880, is a 60 ft by 77 ft structure, constructed of coursed rubble, with a steeply hipped roof and an attached brick smokestack measuring 150 ft tall. measures 154 ft by 69 feet. Both the original boilerhouse and the addition were designed by Erasmus D. Leavit, Jr., and were intended to supply steam to the nearby enginehouse.</p><br>
<h3>Gearhouse (c. 1890)</h3><br>
<p>The gearhouse is constructed from rough sandstone and mine rock with a steeply pitched roof. however, in 1892 it was converted to use as an electrical power house, and used as such until a new power plant was built in Lake Linden in 1906.</p><br>
<h3>General Office Building (c. 1890)</h3><br>
<p>The General Office Building is a -story office building built of reddish-brown stone trimmed with brick. It was used as a general mine operation center, and also housed engineering and accounting departments. The original building was designed in the early 1890s by the Boston firm of Shaw & Hunnewell; two later additions, architecturally faithful to the original, were designed by the Marquette firm of Charlton & Kuenzli. Of these three sections, the eastern section measures 69 ft by 46 ft, the western section 22 ft by 30 ft, and the northern section 46 ft by 35 feet.</p><br>
<p>The building currently serves as the headquarters for the Keweenaw National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h3>Library (1898)</h3><br>
<p>Like the office building, the library was designed by Shaw & Hunnewell. The building is two-and-a-half stories high, built of rough masonry trimmed with brick around the windows, and with brick quoins. It is built in a "T" shape, with the main wing measuring 62 ft by 42 ft and the south wing 38 ft by 32 feet. The roof is formed from two intersecting gables covered with dark grey slate.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally designed to house adult and children&#39;s reading rooms on the second floor, library stacks, office space, and cloakrooms on the first floor, and baths for men, women, and children in the basement. Small alterations were made over the next few years, including adding a west entrance porch, reconfiguring the baths, and adding more shelves.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, a new bathhouse was constructed, and the bath section of the library was remodeled to provide additional stack space. However, as the fortunes of the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company declined, support for the library became difficult. In 1944, the library collection was transferred to the Calumet High School, and the building was converted to office space. The library currently serves as the Keweenaw History Center, housing historical artifacts and archives.</p><br>
<p>The library is significant as a notable example of the paternalism of corporations at the time, as well as being a striking example of sophisticated design and stonework.</p><br>
<h3>Bathhouse (1910)</h3><br>
<p>The bathhouse was constructed in 1910. The building also served as the home of Calumet-based television station WBKP from its sign-on in 1996 until it moved from the area in 2001. The building was purchased in November 2020 by Calumet Electronics and will be renovated to serve as its headquarters.</p><br>
<h3>Miscowaubik Club (c. 1875)</h3><br>
<p>The Miscowaubik Club was originally built as a private home, reportedly in about 1875 for chief mining engineer Thomas Hoatson.</p><br>
<p>The structure is a -story wood-framed house with a gable roof, measuring 108 ft by 83 feet. In 1903, the house was converted into a private club by the firm of Parker, Thomas, and Rice. The house has undergone extensive interior and exterior remodeling.</p><br>
<p>R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement is a historic road surface, as well as the associated cut sandstone curbs in a few sections, found in three of the oldest residential sections of Grand Forks, North Dakota. It is a Portland cement–aggregate combination that was intended to bridge the gap between the needs of Horse-drawn vehicles, which required sure footing, and automobiles, which needed a hard, resilient surface, in the earliest part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>R.S. Blome Granitoid was made from a mixture of Portland cement and angular granite chips along with other stone and sand, laid down over an appropriately arched prepared road bed followed by a six-inch layer of loose gravel (macadam). It was laid in five-foot sections which were sealed at the joints with an asphalt and rubber mix to allow for expansion. Another intended benefit of laying the pavement in these sections was that it allowed for removal of only necessary portions for utility work. However it would appear that this intention was ignored as indicated by the presence of utility cuts and mismatched concrete and asphalt patching in the Grand Forks examples.</p><br>
<p>Over these sections was laid a two-inch finish layer of Portland cement and carefully screened angular granite chips measuring between 1/8 and 3/8 of an inch. Angular chips of granite were specified over rounded river gravel to ensure a firm bond and prohibit the dislodging of gravel common to concrete. As the surface dried it was brushed and scored to resemble cut stone, providing a good non-slip surface for horses. Though the Blome Company patent specified a gridded pattern of scoring, the Grand Forks pavement exhibits a running bond pattern.</p><br>
<p>Also surviving are a number of bronze name plates embedded into the paving surface which read "Established 1888. GRANITOID. R.S. Blome. Chicago. 1907."</p><br>
<p>This pavement type was selected after a lively discussion by city residents as a solution to the problem of ankle-deep mud which was an annual result of the spring thaw and rains. The residents determined to have a quality pavement that would last long "after it was paid for". Their choice has been validated as the Granitoid is still quite serviceable and well suited to modern automobile traffic after nearly a century of use.</p><br>
<p>Out of several extant locations where Blome Granitoid has been found, such as Duluth, Minnesota, Calumet, Michigan and Spokane and Seattle, Washington, there are several characteristics which make the Grand Forks sections particularly significant. There is more surviving Granitoid and the associated brass name plates in Grand Forks, encompassing a number of streets in three distinct neighborhoods, than in any of the other locations. Another important difference is the aforementioned use of the running bond pattern in the scoring, which is unique among all of the remaining examples. It suggests a desire among the residents for an aesthetic, as well as functional, pavement.</p><br>
<p>A 55 acre area was listed on the National Register in 1991. However, the listing was modified in 2010 to decrease the listed area.</p><br>
<p>The building at 312 Kittson Ave, Grand Forks, North Dakota is a two-story brick commercial vernacular style building with classical details built by Swedish-American builder Sander Johnson in 1907. It is part of the Downtown Grand Forks Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of brick, Hebron on the front and common on the sides and back. Its quality of workmanship, brickwork, and carpentry are notable. The first floor consists of a common wood store front with a limestone molding. The second floor features a bay window flanked by recessed brick work with a stone sill and a limestone keystone arch. The roof line is decorated with an egg-and-dart limestone cap decorated with a wrought-iron crest incorporating the building date. This cresting is flanked by two corner merlons which are capped by limestone moldings and antefixes. The second floor originally held an apartment.</p><br>
<p>The builder, Sander Johnson, moved to North Dakota from Sweden in 1902, building 312 Kittson Ave just five years later. The building has a European ambiance. This building was the first built by Johnson in his 60-year career as a builder and contractor in North Dakota and the Red River Valley. Johnson and his building companies also built the Grand Forks Masonic Temple and the Chester Fritz Library.</p><br>
<p>The Logia Adelphia is a historic building located in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. It was built in 1912, and was designed by Sabas Honore, a prominent local architect. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places, for its architecture, in 1986. The north facade, facing on the street, is elaborate and preserved. The interior has been renovated, and no longer reflects its original design.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the building was still being used by Adelphia Lodge #1, the oldest Masonic Lodge located in Mayagüez.</p><br>
<p>Brabson&#39;s Ferry Plantation is a Pioneer Century farm and former antebellum plantation near the USA city of Sevierville, Tennessee. Located at what was once a strategic crossing of the French Broad River, by 1860 the plantation had become one of the largest in East Tennessee, and one of the few in the region that rivalled the large plantations of the Deep South in size and influence. The farm remains in operation, and several of its historic structures&mdash; including two plantation houses and an 18th-century plank house&mdash; have been added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>John Brabson II (1773&ndash;1848) established Brabsons Ferry Plantation after purchasing the plantations namesake ferry in 1798, and acquired the surrounding fertile farmland over subsequent decades. Brabsons sons continued operating the plantation after his death, and established a business that catered to the ferrys traffic. As the Brabsons supported the Confederacy during the USA Civil War, their plantation was looted by Sevier County Unionists and toward the end of the war most members of the family were forced to flee. Several eventually returned, however, and by the end of the 19th century had rebuilt the plantation and ferry. The Brabson family still owns and manages the farm.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Brabsons Ferry Plantation is located at the confluence of Boyds Creek and the French Broad River in the Boyds Creek community a few miles northwest of Sevierville. State Highway 338 (Boyds Creek Highway, or Old Knoxville Highway) passes along the plantations southern boundary, and Indian Warpath Road traverses its western section. The Brabson Cemetery is located atop a steep hill with a sweeping view of the French Broad River on the north end of the plantation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Highway 338 follows what was once a stretch of the Great Indian Warpath, a trail used for centuries by Native Americans travelling up and down the Tennessee Valley. The ancient path crossed the French Broad River at a ford near the mouth of Boyds Creek. In 1780, John Sevier crossed at this ford to engage and defeat a Cherokee force at the Battle of Boyds Creek. In the early 1790s, an early pioneer named Andrew Evans established a ferry and a 250 acre farm at the Boyds Creek ford. John Brabson, who migrated to the area from Frederick County, Virginia, purchased the Evans farm and ferry in 1798.</p><br>
<p>Brabson continued acquiring land in the early 19th century. By the time of his death in 1848, he owned 5,000 acre, making him one of the largest landholders in East Tennessee. He was also one of the regions largest slaveholders, with 49 slaves, most of whom were split up among his children (Brabsons will emancipated only one elderly slave).</p><br>
<p>While most of Sevier County supported the Union during the USA Civil War (96% of the county voted against secession in 1861), the Brabsons supported the Confederacy. Benjamin Brabsons son, William, enlisted in the Confederate army, and in 1863 was captured by the Union Army while fighting near Muscle Shoals. Toward the end of the war, as Union forces re-gained control of East Tennessee, vengeful Sevier Countians began harassing and threatening the Brabsons. Most of the familys livestock were stolen, the plantation houses were looted, and family members were forced to flee. In an October 1865 letter, Benjamin Brabson&#39;s wife, Elizabeth (1821&ndash;1894), wrote, "they rocked my house so, burned my carriage, and fired my outbuildings, they also shot at me several times." Thomas Brabson and his wife moved to Knoxville, where there had been more sympathy for the Confederacy. Benjamin Brabson moved to Winchester, Tennessee, writing in 1865 that his future looked "dark." He died a few months later, and, according to his wishes, was buried in Winchester rather than the family cemetery in Boyds Creek.</p><br>
<p>After Benjamin Brabsons death, his family returned to Sevier County and began rebuilding the familys plantation, largely through the efforts of his son William (1842–1888). Benjamins son, John Brabson IV (1858&ndash;1943), assumed ownership of the plantation after his mothers death, and made several modifications to the Benjamin Brabson house. By 1900, Brabsons Ferry had again become a major center of local commerce. After the death of John Brabson IV, his son Benjamin Davis Brabson III (1905-1982) and his wife, Estalena Rogers Brabson (1912-1989), took over ownership and operation of the farm until Benjamins death in 1982. Estalena maintained an enthusiastic interest in genealogy and family history, and published several books, including: John Brabson I, Patriot of the American Revolution And Some of His Descendants (1975) which chronicles the origins of Brabsons Ferry Plantation. Estalena was responsible for placing Brabsons Ferry Plantation on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The farm was managed by Benjamin Brabson&#39;s great-grandson, Ben D. Brabson, Jr., and his wife, Elaine, and in 2008 it was designated a Tennessee Pioneer Century Farm. The Brabson farm produces beef cattle, wheat, oats, corn, hay, and soybeans.</p><br>
<p>The Brabson Farm is managed by Ben & Elaine Brabson&#39;s son and his wife, Benjamin Davis Brabson III and Lucinda Ann Brabson in 2021. The Brabson Farm produces Beef Cattle.</p><br>
<h2>Historical structures</h2><br>
<p>Brabsons Ferry Plantation contains several notable antebellum structures, including both the Benjamin Brabson and Thomas Brabson houses, a late 18th-century plank house, a frame tannery building, a 19th-century barn, and a late 18th-century log cabin. The center of the farm, which contains the Benjamin Brabson house, plank house, and barn, is situated along a gravel driveway just off Indian Warpath Road. The Benjamin Brabson house once overlooked Brabsons Ferry along the French Broad River. The Thomas Brabson house overlooks the junction of Indian Warpath Road and Highway 338, where the Brabsons&#39; tannery, blacksmith shop, and storehouse once stood. Slave houses (no longer standing) were once located on the east side of Indian Warpath Road between Highway 338 and the gravel driveway, and at least one once stood between the Benjamin Brabson house and the river.</p><br>
<p>The Brabson plank house was built by either Andrew Evans or John Brabson sometime between 1790 and 1810. The plank house was constructed using an odd technique known as piece-sur-piece construction, which involves stacking horizontal planks and tying them in with vertical posts. In the 19th century, the plank house was moved from its original location and renovated for use as a carriage house. A large double-door was added to the front, and the chimney was removed.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Brabson house, built in 1854, is a two-story Federal-style house with a Greek Revival portico. A 1.5-story kitchen wing is attached to the rear of the house to create an "L" shape. Square doric columns grace the house&#39;s portico. The Benjamin Brabson house, built in 1856, was originally a Federal-style house similar to the Thomas Brabson house, although a Victorian porch and Queen Anne-style gable were added to the front of the house in the 1890s. Both houses contain most of their original design elements, including large post-and-lintel mantels and open "dog-leg" staircases.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson County Jail is a historic structure in central Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Built in 1905 in the Chicago style of architecture, it was designed by D.X. Murphy & Bros.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the jail was converted into an office complex. Among its tenants are the offices of the Commonwealth&#39;s Attorney, the office of the Circuit Court Clerk, and the Jefferson County Public Law Library. While prisoners are no longer held in the jail, it is still significant as a leading example of public-works architecture. Its structure has been admired by many leading architects, including the renowned Finnish-American Eero Saarinen. In 1973, the jail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas D. Campbell House is a historic Gothic Revival style log and wood frame home located in Grand Forks, North Dakota. It is significant for its association with Thomas D. Campbell, who became the largest wheat farmer in the United States. It is part of the Myra Museum and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1879 for Thomas D. Campbell, the house consists of the original 1879 log cabin enclosed within a later Gothic Revival wood-frame addition, which is dated to ca. 1881–1900, with an overall L-shaped floor plan. The home has gabled roofs and clapboard siding. The main facade and south gables are distinguished by lace bargeboards, and the west gable contains a pointed window. A porch extends across the west facade and is supported by turned posts and bentwood arches. It is the only building remaining from the Campbell family&#39;s pioneer farmstead.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house serves as a museum, and is fitted out with turn of the 20th century furnishings befitting a family residence. The chinked log walls and hand-hewn loft joists of the original 1879 log cabin are exposed from within.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its construction the Campbell house was south of the tiny settlement of Grand Forks; it was one of a string of pioneer homes along the Red River, with no other buildings in its immediate area. Associated with the First Dakota Boom and the pre-railroad (pre-1880) era, it is a significant example of the architecture of this period. Log structures were popular at this time due to the expense of hauling cut lumber down the river from the railhead in Fargo. The practice of constructing a fairly simple log home, to be supplanted or engulfed later on by a more substantial structure, appears to have been fairly common to the area at this time. The house is notable for being the only Gothic Revival farmhouse in Grand Forks and one of only a few houses of this style in North Dakota&#39;s Red River Valley region, and at the time of its enlargement was one of the finer homes in the area.</p><br>
<h2>The Campbell family</h2><br>
<p>Thomas D. and Almira Richards Campbell, immigrants from Scotland and Canada, began their lives in the Red River Valley with a small farm. This grew to include 4,000 acre of excellent crop land by 1898. By the turn of the 20th century Mr. Campbell had become a prominent real estate man in the city.</p><br>
<p>The log portion of the home was the birthplace of General Thomas D. Campbell (1882–1966), who was known as the "Wheat King" and owned large tracts of land in Montana and New Mexico. Gen. Campbell was at one time the nation&#39;s largest wheat producer, and served in both World War I and World War II. During the latter he developed a napalm firebomb used widely in the Pacific Theater.</p><br>
<p>The Reid–Jones–Carpenter House, located at 2249 Walton Way, Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia, constructed in 1849, is a single story wood-frame building on raised basement of stuccoed brick. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house features an entrance portico supported by fluted Corinthian-inspired columns based at ground level and reached by a long stairway. The porch is enclosed by a balustrade. Windows flanking the portico have wrought iron ledges. Formerly known as "Montrose", the home is now the Alan Fuqua Center for young people, associated with the Reid Memorial Presbyterian Church. In the mid-1900s, it was the home of Charles Colcock Jones Carpenter, son of the Rev. Samuel B. Carpenter and Ruth (Jones) Carpenter, and grandson of Charles Colcock Jones, Jr., distinguished lawyer, author, and historian.</p><br>
<p>Constructed around 1839, the Carpenter-Smith House is located on Covered Bridge Road near Crestwood in Oldham County, Kentucky, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 25, 1982. A photo of the house is included on page 16 of the April 2009 Brownsboro, Kentucky Area Master Plan.</p><br>
<p>It is somewhat unusual for having two separated front doors, in a window-door-window-door-window line-up of bays across the front of the house.</p><br>
<p>It is about 1/4 mile off Hwy</p><br>
<p>The Carpenter House located on Kentucky Highway 148 one mile south of Clark Station, Shelby County, Kentucky, was constructed during 1843 &ndash; 1848, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. Built in antebellum vernacular style, it incorporates stone, weatherboard, metal, and brick materials into its construction.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story, center-passage, single-pile plan house.</p><br>
<p>The Princess Sweet Shop is a historic building located in Iowa Falls, Iowa, United States. It is noted as "an outstanding example of Art Deco design from 1935. The Carrara Glass façade, and streamlined woodwork are typical of Art Deco design of the 1920s and 1930s, but a rarity in a small town in Iowa." Ernie Karrys and Nicholas P. Pergakis opened the Princess in 1915. Two years later, The Sweet Shop opened by Harry Pergakis. These three men were born in the town of Asprokampos, Greece. It was common for Greek immigrants to establish candy shop around the USA They combined their operations at the Princess location in 1928. Sadly, Nicholas died of cancer in September 1928 at age 39. The building was destroyed in a fire on December 25, 1934. Local architect L.L. Klippel designed the new building, which was completed in 1935. It was the first building in Iowa Falls that was air conditioned. Members of the Harry Perkagis family maintained ownership until 1987. The business is still in operation as a soda fountain under different ownership.</p><br>
<p>The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It was included as a contributing property in the Washington Avenue Commercial Historic District in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Stallings-Carpenter House, located on State Road 1713 north of Clayton, Johnston County, North Carolina, was constructed in 1845 by James and Elizabeth  Stallings in the Greek Revival style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 28 Mar 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to information provided for a historic driving tour, in the early 19th century the land was owned by Moses Mordecai, a prominent Raleigh lawyer and landowner in Wake and Johnston counties. Before he died, he willed the property to his daughter Ellen, who could take ownership of the land at age 21, but only if she was married. At age 21 she was still unmarried, so the property was sold in 1850 to newlyweds James Stallings and Elizabeth Jones, who built the present house and operated the farm. By 1860 the Stallings owned 1,200 acre, on which they raised livestock and grew corn, peas, beans, oats, and sweet potatoes. The town of Stallings Station, present-day Clayton, was named for James Stallings. In 1904, the property was sold to Ashley Horne, a state legislator, co-founder of NC College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts (now North Carolina State University), and unsuccessful candidate for governor. Horne did not live at Bend of the River but rented it and leased the timber rights. Several owners later, the house was restored and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The land around the house was still in agricultural and timber use in 2008, but the 1,200 acre have been subdivided.</p><br>
<p>The Miles B. Carpenter House, a two-story frame dwelling built in 1890, is located at the intersection of Hunter Street and USA Route 460 in Waverly, Sussex County, Virginia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1989. In 1912 the home was purchased by Miles B. Carpenter, owner of a local sawmill, planing mill, and ice delivery business, who became a noted American folk artist. A photo of the house can be viewed at this referenced website.</p><br>
<p>Since Carpenter&#39;s death in 1985, his house has been preserved as the Miles B. Carpenter Folk Art Museum in which are displayed his tools and carvings and as a gallery to encourage and exhibit the work of young artists in the region.</p><br>
<p>The West Side Historic District is a residential area of Saratoga Springs, New York, United States, located west of its downtown section. It is a 122 acre area extending from the blocks west of Broadway to extensions along Church  and Washington  streets. The former Franklin Square Historic District is included in its entirety.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhoods of the district are characterized by modest, intact 19th-century houses in vernacular 19th-century architectural styles. Its development was shaped first by the divisions of the original land grant, and then by the construction of railroads into the community. During the city&#39;s peak years as a resort in the later 19th century, the West Side housed its working class. In 1994 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Two of the almost 600 properties within it, a house and a cemetery, are listed on the Register in their own right.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Within Saratoga Springs, the West Side is generally taken to mean the area from Broadway on the east to the citys western boundary, between Greenfield Avenue on the north and West Circular Street on the south, including Skidmore College and Saratoga Hospital. The historic districts boundaries are more elaborate and include a small portion of that area, reflecting the areas where historic buildings, mostly houses, have remained intact.</p><br>
<h3>Boundary</h3><br>
<p>On the east the district boundary is generally Woodlawn Avenue or lot lines along it between Walton Street and Greenfield. From there it turns west to exclude some newer construction but then follows Woodlawn and its axis south to Washington Street. At Franklin Square it turns south to follow Grand Street west, sometimes including houses on the south side, as far west as a few houses on the north side just west of Birch Street.</p><br>
<p>It follows Birch up to the rear lines of the north side of Washington to Marvin Alley, where it turns north. At Division it turns west, then follows some rear lines along West Harrison Street. Remaining along lot lines, it skirts newer construction at the Church-West Harrison intersection, then follows the rear lines along the south side of Church almost to Myrtle Street, just south of the hospital.</p><br>
<p>After following Church back eastward, it goes up Seward, Pearl and Van Dorn streets to some houses on the west side of Skidmore, then down their rear lines to Pine Alley. After a short eastward section it takes in all the houses on either side of Waterbury Street south of the college and a few on Lawrence Street just north of Waterbury. It returns to Pine Alley in the middle of the block to the east, then follows rear lines along the west of State Street to its northernmost point at Greenfield. From there it follows that street back to Woodlawn.</p><br>
<h3>Character</h3><br>
<p>Within this boundary there are 500 buildings, mostly wood frame houses, considered of sufficient integrity and age to be contributing properties to the district. An additional 18 sites of former houses are also considered contributing. Another site, and 57 other buildings, are non-contributing.</p><br>
<p>Most of the houses are located on narrow lots, not more than 60 ft wide by 100 ft deep, typical of 19th-century development. There are a few more urban areas along Woodlawn, with a mix of uses including commercial and residential.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The development of the West Side was forged in the early years by divisions and subdivisions of the land, which created lot lines still followed by streets today. Later on, the railroad created a clear social dividing line which made the West Side the village&#39;s working-class neighborhood. The resort era also impacted the district on its fringes.</p><br>
<h3>1768–1813: Land subdivision</h3><br>
<p>The West Sides evolution began late in the colonial era, when the Kayaderosseras Patent was subdivided. The patent was originally granted to Robert Livingston and David Schuyler in 1708, but could not be sold or subdivided for 60 years because of a dispute over the Indian deed. When it was, Lot 12 of the patents 16th General Allotment, where most of the present-day city of Saratoga Springs is located, was assigned to the heirs of Rip Van Dam, one of the original proprietors.</p><br>
<p>Van Dam&#39;s heirs sold to Isaac Low, Jacob Walton and Anthony Van Dam, with all three receiving a piece of the land on which High Rock Spring, then the most valuable aspect of the property, sat. Low was a Loyalist during the subsequent Revolution, and his third was confiscated and sold in 1779. Ultimately these divisions and subdivisions of land would influence lot and street placement within the city and the district.</p><br>
<p>Walton&#39;s son Henry built himself a country seat, called Wood Lawn, on his lands, presently where Skidmore is situated. He eventually purchased enough other land that he came to own Flat Rock Spring and developed it for tourism. He soon got competition when Gideon Putnam acquired Congress Spring to the south (in what is now Congress Park) and began developing hotels there. Both men were also acquiring land to the west of the springs and making lots available. A map Walton published in 1813 is the first in the city to show Church and New streets; it is also the first on which the name Van Dam Street appears.</p><br>
<h3>1833–1907: Railroads and resorts</h3><br>
<p>Both Walton and Putnams son Rockwell were among the founders of the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad, which opened a line into the village in 1833. The tracks were routed west of Broadway, along New Street, past a station at Division Street, and finally crossed Broadway at Van Dam. They are no longer extant, but their presence shaped the development of the district as well. It gave the neighborhood a center, triggered growth two or three blocks deeper than had previously been taking place and gave the West Side its identity as the less genteel workingmans side of town (the local gentry settled in the East Side).</p><br>
<p>By the middle of the century, all the land four blocks west of Broadway had been built out, and subdivisions were being carved out of the farmland west of Franklin and Walworth streets. The station&#39;s presence at Division and Franklin had created Franklin Square (originally Marvin Square), the only upscale neighborhood on the West Side, with large Greek Revival homes. Just to its west was a poorer neighborhood, originally home to Irish immigrants (later Italians) who arrived via the Adirondack Railway (by then routed along Franklin), giving it the name Dublin, which it still has.</p><br>
<p>In 1879 Henry Hilton acquired Woodlawn from Waltons heirs (supposedly having raised the money by defrauding the estate of Alexander Turney Stewart) and expanded it lavishly, adding around 600 acre. This occurred during Saratoga Springs peak years as a resort and triggered the construction of lavish vacation homes in the northern reaches of the West Side, abutting the estate. The city&#39;s population more than tripled in the three decades between 1850 and 1880. Most of those new inhabitants settled on the West Side.</p><br>
<p>Saratoga Springs peak years ended in 1907, when gambling was outlawed. The casino became city property four years later and its land became Congress Park in 1915. Later in the 20th century, urban renewal projects demolished some of the older, neglected buildings in the corridor where the railroad tracks had been. Some of the Woodlawn property became a senior citizens housing complex with high rises, and Skidmore moved into the land at the north end in 1976.</p><br>
<h3>Today</h3><br>
<p>Like the citys other historic districts, its historic character is preserved by the citys Design Review Commission, a seven-member body appointed by the mayor to staggered three-year terms. It reviews any proposed signage and exterior changes to any building in any of the city&#39;s historic districts.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Amid the overwhelmingly residential character of the district, there are a number of different house types reflecting difference in social status of the builder or original owner. Frame predominates as a building material because of the proximity of the Adirondack forests to Saratoga Springs; architecturally the district reflects the vernacular styles found in that region.</p><br>
<p>The form of the houses was also constrained by the narrow lots, resulting in buildings much deeper than they were wide. Even some of the bungalows built in the mid-20th century on vacant or redeveloped lots within the district were positioned so that the side gable faced the street, with the main entrance likewise located on the side of the lot. In a few cases, two lots were consolidated to build a house with a wide front.</p><br>
<p>The most upscale residences are the townhouses found on Franklin Square, Church and Woodlawn streets and portions of Clinton and Van Dam streets. Usually two stories tall, they show the greatest attention to the forms of popular contemporary styles and the most elaborate ornamentation, sometimes including surfaces of brick or stone in sections. They often have a generous setback from the street and a porch, sometimes wrapping around the side.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the district&#39;s housing is a type referred to as village residences. These were home to the middle class population which settled the district. They are often one to two stories, located on smaller lots and more restrained in their architecture, with most taking the form of a front-facing gable with inline ells on telescoping on the rear. Most have porches, like the townhouses, yet minimally decorated. A few have side gable wings with some later ones having cross-gabled rears. In the 20th century, many were resided with modern materials like vinyl and aluminum.</p><br>
<p>Workers&#39; cottages were even smaller and plainer than the village residences, but otherwise similar in form. A few are more than two stories in height; most are one. They have porches but almost no decoration, with rear additions primarily small and service-related. Most use cheaper novelty siding instead of clapboard. They are found in the areas of the district with the smallest and densest lots, primarily the south side of Van Dam between Church and Woodlawn and the northern end of State Street.</p><br>
<p>Two-family houses were village residences either originally built or later modified to house an owner and tenant. They are generally similar to that form, except for some turn-of-the-century designs where architects took advantage of the larger size to scale the form up. Some were divided vertically to look like two row houses. They are usually two stories in height, taking up most of the larger lots they occupy, leaving little room for yards.</p><br>
<p>Higher-density rental housing took the form of tenements, large three-story flat-roofed buildings that contain more than two units. They were usually owned by an absentee landlord. Most are on back streets, like Russell or Waterbury streets, and unornamented. A slightly more stylish example from later in the district&#39;s development can be found at 190–94 Grand Street.</p><br>
<p>Some houses had outbuildings which are also included as contributing properties. Most are stables or carriage houses later converted to garages. These were usually utilitarian gabled sheds with a bay for a single horse and wagon (the exception being those that served the upscale homes of Franklin Square). A few later ones were built for automobiles. Their main impact on the district was the creation of the alleys in mid-block, later expanded into streets in their own right.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The West Side Historic District was preceded by another, smaller district. Two properties within that district were later separately listed on the National Register, and there are some other notable properties within the current district.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Square. Added to the Register in 1972 as the city&#39;s first historic district, it contains 87 properties in its 30 acre. Most are upscale mid-19th century residences and outbuildings taking advantage of the proximity of the railroad station, newly built at the time.</p><br>
<p>Hiram Charles Todd House, 4 Franklin Square. This ornate Greek Revival house on Franklin Square, one of the city&#39;s first listings on the Register, was probably built around 1837. It takes its name from Todd, a prominent lawyer and jurist descended from the original owners, who lived there in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Holmes Block, 102–08 Woodlawn Avenue. This group of four rowhouses was built over the two decades after the Civil War in the Second Empire style, with mansard roofs and dormer windows. They retain their original marble flooring at the entrances.</p><br>
<p>Tenement at 190–94 Grand Avenue. This 1896 group of three two-unit attached houses was designed by R. Newton Brezee, known for his grand houses elsewhere in town. It features more decoration than other tenements in the district, such as bracketed cornices.</p><br>
<p>Marsh Concrete Rainbow Arch Bridge is a reinforced concrete through arch bridge over the Little Cottonwood River in Cambria Township, Minnesota, United States. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge no longer carries traffic, which has since been shifted to another bridge to the east.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was designed by James Barney Marsh and built in 1911, the same year in which he filed a patent for his rainbow arch design. His design features two arched ribs, one on either side of the roadway, rising above the deck. The deck is suspended from the arches by vertical risers. Drivers see the rainbow arch crowns on each side, similar to crossing a pony truss bridge. The bridge over the Little Cottonwood River is one of the oldest Marsh rainbow arches in the country. Unfortunately, as traffic flow increased and farm machinery got larger, many of Marsh&#39;s rainbow arch designs became obsolete, since they could not be widened. There are only half a dozen Marsh rainbow arch bridges remaining in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Carpenter House on State Road 1820 in Gaston County, North Carolina, is believed to have been built for Andrew Carpenter shortly after his marriage to Sophia Smith on April 19, 1831. The two-story Federal style plantation house is two rooms deep and has paired chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The house was accessioned to the National Register of Historic Places on March 17, 1983. This referenced website has several excellent photographs of the house.</p><br>
<p>The French Lick Springs Hotel, a part of the French Lick Resort complex, is a major resort hotel in Orange County, Indiana. The historic hotel in the national historic district at French Lick was initially known as a mineral spring health spa and for its trademarked Pluto Water. During the period 1901 to 1946, when Thomas Taggart, a former mayor of Indianapolis, and his son, Thomas D. Taggart, were its owners and operators, the popular hotel attracted many fashionable, wealthy, and notable guests. The resort was a major employer of African-American labor, which mostly came from Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the hotel had a Negro league baseball team, the French Lick Plutos, and until the 1940s French Lick was a venue for spring training for professional baseball teams. In the 1920s and into the 1930s, the resort became known for its recreational sports, most notably golf, but the French Lick area also had a reputation for illegal gambling. After a series of subsequent owners and renovations, the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The restored hotel, with its exteriors of distinctive, buff-colored brick, reopened in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The hotel site was located near a salt lick that wild animals once visited as they traveled along the Buffalo Trace in southern Indiana. Native Americans also used the area as hunting grounds. It became known as French Lick in reference to the French traders and settlers who lived in the vicinity of the salt lick. Some sources have cited a legend that suggests George Rogers Clark, who camped in the area during an expedition in 1786–87, may have named it after a site along the Cumberland River in Tennessee.</p><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>In 1826, encouraged by the presence of salt deposits near French Lick, Indiana&#39;s state government authorized the land to be mined for quantities of salt, but the saline content was insufficient to support large-scale salt mining and the property was offered for sale. In 1832 Thomas Bowles and his brother, William A., a Paoli, Indiana, physician and early land speculator, purchased 1,500 acre of land that included the site near the mineral springs. Doctor Bowles eventually built an inn on the property; it became known as the French Lick Springs Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Although the specific date of the hotel&#39;s opening is not known, it is believed that Bowles built the first hotel on his French Lick property sometime around 1845. (Some sources believe the narrow, three-story hotel, measuring an estimated 80 ft to 100 ft in length, may have been built prior to 1840, but most report that it opened in 1845.) The early hotel, which operated during the summer months, was a modest success. In 1846, prior to his departure for military service as a commissioned officer in the USA Army during the Mexican–American War, Bowles leased the property to John A. Lane, a physician/patent medicine salesman, for at least five years. Under the terms of the lease Lane agreed to enlarge and improve the facility.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1850s Bowles resumed management of the hotel and continued to improve the property. Lane purchased 770 acre of land from Bowles that included mineral springs at Mile Lick, 1 mi north of French Lick. Lane assembled a sawmill, erected a bridge to traverse Lick Creek, and built the West Baden Springs Hotel. Competition from Lanes new hotel, which opened in the mid-1850s, began a decades-long rivalry between the two Orange County sites. who operated it for Bowles and the heirs of Bowless estate following the owners death in 1873. Joseph G. Rogers, a physician from Madison, Indiana, named the French Lick hotels largest mineral spring Pluto&#39;s Well in 1869. (Pluto is the classical mythological god of the underworld.)</p><br>
<p>The original French Lick hotel, which was rebuilt or enlarged as a -story frame building with a wrap-around veranda in the Gothic Revival style, underwent few additional changes until the early 1880s, when it was sold to Hiram E. Wells and James M. Andrews. The hotel and mineral springs were sold at a sheriffs sale organized to settle a legal dispute over Bowless estate.</p><br>
<p>Wells acquired Andrewss interest in the property in 1887 for $61,000, and immediately sold the hotel to a group of Louisville, Kentucky, investors for $122,000 in cash and $100,000 in the French Lick Springs Companys stock. Wells retained a one-quarter interest in the property until 1891, when he sold his interest to the investment group. The new owners added two wings to the main hotel and expanded the hotel&#39;s operation from a seasonal business to a year-round resort. In 1887 the Monon Railroad built an extension of its line to transport guests to the hotels and mineral springs at French Lick and West Baden.</p><br>
<p>The main hotel building (Windsor) was destroyed by fire in 1897. It was rebuilt on an even grander scale. Three major springs were located on the French Lick resorts property: Bowles (renamed Lithia), Proserpine, and the better-known Pluto. The areas mineral water and baths were alleged to cure more than fifty ailments, including gout, alcoholism, and rheumatism, among others.</p><br>
<h3>Taggart era</h3><br>
<p>In 1901 the property was sold to an investment group that included Thomas Taggart, a politician and former mayor of Indianapolis. Taggart served three terms as mayor of Indianapolis (1895 to 1901), as a chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and briefly in the USA Senate (1916). The new owners spent more than $200,000 on improvements, including a redesign and enlargement of the main wing (1901–02), sometimes called the front or east wing, designed by architect William Homer Floyd. The main wings new design overlaid the hotels Late Victorian architecture with Mediterranean Revival architecture, most notably the Italian Renaissance style that was popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The exteriors of the main wing and later additions were unified with similar proportions, a consistent roofline, and the hotel&#39;s distinctive buff-colored brick.</p><br>
<p>Around 1905 Taggart bought out his partners to become the hotels sole owner. Under his direction, the hotel was transformed into a first-class resort that included the main wing (1901–1902), a recreation center (formerly the bath house, 1910–11), and four connected wings: annex (1905, remodeled 1911), west (1910–11), deluxe (1914–15), and north (1924–25). These facilities housed lobbies and guest room, dining rooms and bars, offices, shops, and a spa. The annex wing provided offices and guest rooms. The west wing, the hotels first fireproof wing, included an elaborate Italian Renaissance Revival-style pavilion, originally named the Pluto Bar. The seven-story deluxe wing housed guest rooms and suites, including accommodations for the Taggart family when they resided at the hotel. The hotel&#39;s six-story north wing provided the hotel with conference and exhibition spaces.</p><br>
<p>Taggart made additional improvements at the mineral springs that included the construction of pavilions, including the Pluto spring house (circa 1911), to shelter the springs. A new mineral spring bath was built at the site of the present-day spa facility. In addition, Taggart is credited with modernizing the hotel, which included bringing in electricity, adding a fresh water system, and establishing trolley service to French Lick. The hotels service buildings included a kitchen complex (1897, 1910–11, c. 1925), power station (1902, expanded 1905), its first bottling plant (circa 1900) for Pluto Water, and a hotel laundry (circa 1911–13). He also convinced the Monon Railroad to lay a spur track to the hotels grounds and run daily passenger service to Chicago. The hotel also had three distinct gardens on it grounds: a Japanese garden (circa 1920; later redesigned and replanted), a Fresh Water Spring garden (circa 1900–15), and an Italian-style formal garden (circa 1915; later redesigned and altered). Recreational facilities included horseback riding, tennis, swimming, bowling, billiards, and a gym, as well as fine dining and dancing to music from the hotel&#39;s orchestra.</p><br>
<p>At the height of the resorts popularity, which occurred during Taggarts ownership of the hotel, approximately 150 to 200 guests checked into the hotel each day. The resort provided Taggart with more than $2 million in annual profits. Following Taggarts death in 1929, Thomas Douglas Taggart, the politicians son, became owner of the hotel property, which included approximately 4,000 acre and buildings valued at nearly $2 million.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>In the years following the Wall Street stock market crash of 1929, the resort went into decline, but it did not close. Thomas D. Taggart sold the hotel to a group of New York City investors in 1946 Sheraton sold the hotel to Cox Hotel Corporation of New York in 1979. Cox returned the resort to its original name and sold the property to Kenwood Financial in 1986. The Luther James family of Louisville, Kentucky, acquired the hotel in 1991, and Boykin Lodging of Cleveland, Ohio, bought it in 1997. The Cook Group, headquartered in Bloomington, Indiana, purchased the hotel on April 13, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Casino resort</h2><br>
<p>Revitalization of the hotel in the early twenty-first century began after considerable campaigning by Orange County residents, the Cook Group, Boykin Lodging (the hotel’s owner), and Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, who lobbied the Indiana General Assembly to allow casino gambling in the area. Legislation was finally approved in 2003 and the required local referendum easily passed. The Indiana Gaming Commission granted the long-promised operating license for a riverboat casino to The Trump Organization, headed by businessman Donald Trump, but a variety of reasons caused the selection process to begin again. A partnership of business interests from within Indiana, including billionaire Bill Cook, submitted an application for a gambling license before purchasing the French Lick Springs Hotel from Boykin Lodging. The partnership was awarded the license during the summer of 2005.</p><br>
<p>The French Lick Resort Casino complex includes the French Lick Springs Hotel, adjacent casino, and the nearby West Baden Springs Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The French Lick resort, which is located on approximately 2,600 acre, today includes the hotel, a casino, restaurants, boutique shops, a spa, and a conference center. Its recreational facilities offer guests swimming pools, three golf courses, a bowling alley, fitness center, stables for horses, and more than thirty miles of hiking trails.</p><br>
<h3>Pluto Water</h3><br>
<p>French Licks spring water, trademarked as Pluto Water, was served to guests at the hotels Pluto Bar, just off the main entrance. The water was bottled at a plant across the street from the hotel for consumption on the property and for commercial distribution nationally and internationally. Pluto Waters slogan, "If Nature Wont, Pluto Will," promoted its effectiveness as a laxative.</p><br>
<h2>Notable guests</h2><br>
<p>Chris Bundy has written that French Lick and West Baden "were the Disney World of their time." It was known in Europe, as well. Over the years many of the countrys rich and famous came as guests or gave performances at the resort. French Licks visitors included moguls, movie stars, and entertainers such as John Barrymore, Howard Hughes, Lana Turner, Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Hoagy Carmichael, Duke Ellington, Irving Berlin, and Louis Armstrong; noted politicians such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan; wealthy socialites, such as members of the Vanderbilt family; and others.</p><br>
<h2>Gambling</h2><br>
<p>Although casino gambling at French Lick and West Baden Springs was illegal under Indiana law until the early 2000s, it flourished there from the early 1900s until the mid-1940s. There were several casinos in operation within Orange County, including Ed Ballards casino at West Baden Springs, Al Browns casino at French Lick, and one named The Gorge, among several others. A two-story, wood-framed structure in the middle of the French Lick hotel&#39;s Japanese gardens may have been used as a casino in the early twentieth century, although the building was identified in promotional materials as a place for bowling and dice games. Taggart denied any connections to illegal gambling operations.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 Indianas Republican governor, Frank Hanly, instigated a raid at the hotel and seized its gambling equipment. The state brought suit against Taggart, French Licks owner, and Lee Sinclair, owner of the West Baden Springs Hotel, but the court case bogged down when Hanleys Democratic successor, Thomas R. Marshall, became Indianas governor in 1908 and the suit was dropped. After the raid, gambling operations moved offsite to Browns hotel, across the street from the French Lick Hotel. Illegal gambling continued away from the resort until 1949, when Indianas governor, Henry Schricker, succeeded in getting the authorities to raid illegal gambling operations at French Lick, and Brown&#39;s casino was finally closed.</p><br>
<p>Legalized casino gambling came to French Lick in 2006, when the new French Lick Resort Casino opened as a part of the resort complex.</p><br>
<h2>Negro league baseball club: French Lick Plutos</h2><br>
<p>The French Lick Plutos were an independent Negro league baseball club from 1912 to 1914. Likely consisting for a large part of waiters at the resort, they had started off as a mixed team in 1908 but were all-Black the next year; their main rival was the team from the nearby West Baden Springs Hotel, the West Baden Sprudels. Games were played at the resort to amuse the spectators, but were fiercely competitive nonetheless. In the 1940s still, French Lick was a venue for spring training for professional baseball teams.</p><br>
<h2>Golf</h2><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century, when golf was beginning to gain popularity, the resort expanded its modest golf facilities. Around 1907 it is believed that Thomas Taggart hired Tom Bendelow to enlarge the Valley Course, the resorts first golf course, to an eighteen-hole course on 120 acre. The course design, attributed to Bendelow, featured a combination of wooded hills and flat turf. The one-story Valley clubhouse (circa 1915) was built during Taggarts tenure as the resorts owner. The painted brick, American Craftsman-style bungalow, which replaced an earlier building, is located northeast of the hotels north wing. Caddies waited in the clubhouses lower level for their turn to serve the courses patrons.</p><br>
<p>Around 1917 Donald Ross and his associates designed the eighteen-hole Hill Course, the resorts second golf course. Completed in 1920 on approximately 300 acre, the championship course was located about 2 mi from the hotel. At the time of its construction, the hilly terrain was modified to create challenges for golfers by varying elevations and adding hazards. The course hosted the PGA Championship tournament in 1924, which Walter Hagen won. The courses -story, wood-framed clubhouse with verandas along two sides was built in 1940 as a replacement for an earlier brick clubhouse. Its main floor was used for dining, socializing, equipment sales, and office space; the lower level contained locker rooms and rest rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was noted for its gardens; postcard views of them were reprinted for decades. A large formal "Italian" garden was laid out in the 1910s. A Japanese garden with pond, waterfall, Japanese-style concrete lanterns and bronze crane statues was built by Chicago Japanese garden builder T.R. Otsuka around 1920.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events</h2><br>
<p>Tomato juice is said to have been served for the first time at the hotel in 1917 when the chef Louis Perrin ran out of orange juice and needed an alternative.</p><br>
<p>When Taggart served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, the hotel became its unofficial headquarters. In 1931, during a Democratic governors conference held at the hotel, Franklin D. Roosevelt came to find support among its attendees in his bid to become the Democratic Partys nominee for USA president.</p><br>
<p>Production of Pluto Water ceased in 1971, after lithium, a natural occurrence in the water, became classified as a controlled substance used in the treatment of bipolar disorder.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The French Lick Springs Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The National Trust for Historic Preservation has included the hotel in its Historic Hotels of America program.</p><br>
<p>The Gottlieb Londershausen House, at 402 Main Street, Dayton, Oregon, was built in c. 1907 and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is also known as the Culp Residence. It is a 2-story 26 ft by 42 ft house.</p><br>
<p>The house is significant for its association with Gottlieb Londershausen, who immigrated in 1883 to the USA and came to Dayton in 1889 with his family. Londershausen operated a shoe and harness repair shop for 29 years, located in two different buildings on Ferry Street between Second and Third Streets.</p><br>
<p>The house is one block away from the NRHP-listed Paul Londershausen House, located at 309 Main Street. Both houses were listed on the NRHP with the same name, Londerhausen House, in 1987. Paul Londershausen was one of Gottlieb&#39;s nine children.</p><br>
<p>Boxwood, also known as the Thomas J.B. Turner House, is an antebellum plantation house in southwestern Rutherford County, Tennessee, near Murfreesboro in the historic Salem community.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Thomas J. B. Turner and his wife, Sarah Jetton Turner, and completed in 1843. It is a two-story brick house built on an I-house plan. Greek Revival architectural influences characteristic of antebellum architecture are evident in its design, which features a divided pedimented portico with square Doric columns and a balustrade. The name of the house derives from the boxwood plantings on the grounds, which are said to have originated with plants that Turner brought to Tennessee in a powder horn.</p><br>
<p>The Union Army occupied Boxwood during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Boxwood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Marion Female Seminary, also known as the Old Perry County High School, is a historic Greek Revival-style school building utilizing the Doric order in Marion, Alabama. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Marion Female Seminary was established in 1836, with this building completed in 1850. The building contained the studio of artist Nicola Marschall when he taught at the school. He taught painting, music, French, and German while employed here. He is credited with designing the first Confederate flag. He also designed the gray Confederate military uniform, influenced by the mid-1800s uniforms of the Austrian and French Armies.</p><br>
<p>Built to serve as a female seminary from the time of construction, it was subsequently owned by the city of Marion from 1918 to 1930, at which time it was transferred to state ownership for use as a Perry County public school. Originally a three-story building, it was remodeled in 1930 with the removal of the uppermost floor from the building.</p><br>
<p>It currently houses the Perry County Historical Society and the Perry County High School Alumni Association.</p><br>
<p>The Protestant Childrens Home, also known as the Protestant Orphans Asylum, is a historic orphanage building in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 18, 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 the building was leased to the Infant Mystics society which began using it as a meeting lodge, renaming the place Cotton Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Protestant Children&#39;s Home was built for the Protestant Orphan Asylum Society, established on December 2, 1839 by women of various Protestant denominations for the care of Protestant children without parents. The yellow fever epidemics of 1837 and 1839 had created the need for an organization to care for the many orphaned children left afterward. Mobile during this time was a predominantly Roman Catholic city, with a Catholic orphanage and other support organizations already functional. Originally accepting children up to ten years old, the Protestant Orphan Asylum Society later accepted girls up to 18 years old and boys up to 14 years old.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Henry Moffatt, a Philadelphia architect, the cornerstone for the orphanage was laid on July 4, 1845. The three-story brick structure is designed in a Late Federal style. Built on a central hall plan, the main block features two primary floors above a full-height ground floor. The front facade is five bays wide, with a two-story cast iron portico centered on the middle three bays. The upper tier of the portico features an elaborate ironwork balustrade and latticework. Minor alterations were made to the building during the late 19th century, the rear portion was expanded in 1924, and a full-scale renovation was completed in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The George B. Clifford House is a Queen Anne style Victorian home located in the Near Southside Historic District of Grand Forks, North Dakota. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1889 on Reeves Drive, a street of impressive homes built for the early elite of the city of Grand Forks. It is one of North Dakota&#39;s best examples of early Queen Anne architecture. Because it was built only 13 years after the Watts-Sherman House in Newport, Rhode Island, said to be the first Queen Anne style house in the country, it is closer in design and detail to the original style as elaborated by British architect Richard Norman Shaw (1831–1912).</p><br>
<p>The house is also significant historically for its connection to George Barnard Clifford (1858-1943). Clifford was a prominent attorney and real estate developer, and one of the three founders of the Cream of Wheat company. His investments and links to northeastern capital represented an important contribution to the early years of progress after the first settlement of Grand Forks.</p><br>
